Il tempo vola! Sono tornata in Italia all’inizio di ottobre e il Bel Paese mi ha regalato il clima invernale più mite che avrei mai potuto sognare. In puro stile italiano ho mangiato, appena raccolti dall’orto di mio padre, tanta frutta e verdura, ho fatto viaggi a Roma, Torino e in magici paesini sconosciuti. Ho anche contemplato le nuvole durante i temporali e dopo il funerale del mio caro zio, un promemoria per apprezzare ogni momento, e amare sempre al massimo.
In tempi come questi la mia creatività raggiunge il picco, quindi sono molto felice di presentarti il mio canale YouTube dove creerò animazioni in 2D e 3D, una delle mie passioni, in combinazione con la lingua italiana. Spero che ti piaceranno!
Il mio primo video è un semplice Augurio Natalizio per ringraziarti del tuo appoggio e per augurarti tutta la felicità che meriti. Credo che a qualsiasi età e ovunque ci troviamo nella vita, i sogni possono diventare realtà!
Con Affetto,
Mirella
Il tempo vola! Time flies…I’ve been back in Italy since the beginning of October and il Bel Paese has gifted me with the mildest winter weather I could dream of. In pure Italian style I’ve been eating, fresh from my Dad’s vegetable garden, orto, lots of vegetables and fruits, enjoyed trips to Roma, Torino and to magical unknown towns. I have also been contemplating the clouds during rain storms, and after the funeral of my dear uncle, a reminder to appreciate every moment, and to always love to the fullest.
In times like these my creativity peaks so I’m very happy to present to you my YouTube channel, where I’ll be creating animations in 2D and 3D, one of my passions, in combination with teaching Italian. I hope you enjoy them!
My first video is a simple Holiday Greeting to thank you for your support and to wish you all the happiness you deserve. I believe that at any age and anywhere you are in life, dreams can come true!
In this guest post Dianne Hales, author of “La Bella Lingua”, tells us how her new book about La Bella Mona Lisa came to life. At the end of the post you can challenge your knowledge of Mona Lisa with a little quiz that Dianne and I have created for you.
“Earlier Version” and the Louvre Mona Lisa – courtesy of the Mona Lisa Foundation
Her name seduced me. The first time that I heard “Mona (Madame) Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo”— many years after I first beheld Leonardo’s portrait in the Louvre — I repeated the syllables out loud to listen to their Italian sounds. Immediately I felt a surge of curiosity about the woman everyone recognizes but hardly anyone knows.
After falling—happily, gladly, giddily—in love with Italian many years ago, I became just as enamored with the life and times of a true Fiorentina, a daughter of the Renaissance, a merchant’s wife, a loving mother, an artist’s muse and, in her husband’s words, “a noble spirit.” Somehow it seemed only natural to go from a passion for la bella lingua to a quest for una bella donna.
On the trail of Lisa’s story, I followed facts wherever I could find them. I sought the help of authoritative experts in an array of fields, from art to history to sociology to women’s studies. I delved into archives and read through a veritable library of scholarly articles and texts. And I relied on a reporter’s most timeless and trustworthy tool: shoe leather. In the course of extended visits over several years, I walked the streets and neighborhoods of Mona Lisa’s Florence, explored its museums and monuments and came to know—and love—its skies and seasons.
Mona Lisa, I discovered, was a quintessential woman of her times, caught in a whirl of political upheavals, family dramas, and public scandals. Descended from ancient nobles, she was born and baptized in Florence in 1479. Wed to a truculent businessman twice her age, she gave birth to six children and died at age sixty-three in 1542.
Mona Lisa’s life spanned the most tumultuous chapters in the history of Florence, decades of war, rebellion, invasion, siege — and of the greatest artistic outpouring the world has ever seen. Her story creates an extraordinary tapestry of daily life in a vibrant city bursting into fullest bloom.
Five centuries after Mona Lisa Gherardini’s death, the world remains eager to learn more about her. Amazon.com chose my book, Mona Lisa: A Life Discovered, published by Simon & Schuster, as one of the “best books of the month” for history and for biography and memoirs. BBC read episodes on the radio for its “Book of the Week” program. CNN and USA Today selected it as one of their “hottest reads” of the summer. Reviewers have praised it as “entertaining,” “enthralling,” “vivid and accessible” and “lyrical.” BRIDES magazine included it on its list of “10 most-read books for your honeymoon.” “Anyone who loves Italy and art—and who doesn’t?—will adore this book,” predicts Frances Mayes, author of Under the Tuscan Sun.
I hope that all of you who love Italian will enjoy this new journey of discovery!
Dianne Hales
Dianne Hales is a prize-winning, widely published journalist and the author of MONA LISA: A Life Discovered. In recognition of her previous book, La Bella Lingua: My Love Affair with Italian, the World’s Most Enchanting Language, as “an invaluable tool for promoting the Italian language,” the President of Italy conferred on Dianne the highest honor its government can bestow on a foreigner, the title of Cavaliere dell’ Ordine della Stella della Solidarietà Italiana (Knight of the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity.) You can follow her prize-winning blog on Italy’s language and culture at www.becomingitalianwordbyword.typepad.com and new blog on discovering Mona Lisa at www.monalisabook.com
QUIZ:
10 Facts You May Not Have Known about Mona Lisa
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La misteriosa Mona Lisa is less mysterious now!
If you liked the quiz, share it with your friends.
“Mona”—spelled “monna” in modern Italian—means “Madame,” a respectful title for married ladies.
Incorrect
“Mona”—spelled “monna” in modern Italian—means “Madame,” a respectful title for married ladies.
Question 2 of 10
2. Question
1 points
Where was the Mona Lisa first hung?
Correct
The Mona Lisa was first hung in a French king’s bathing salon. King Francis I, Leonardo’s last patron, bought the portrait for the equivalent of $10 million and hung it in the royal bathing suite at the Palace of Fontainbleau, where the high humidity damaged and dulled its colors.
Incorrect
The Mona Lisa was first hung in a French king’s bathing salon. King Francis I, Leonardo’s last patron, bought the portrait for the equivalent of $10 million and hung it in the royal bathing suite at the Palace of Fontainbleau, where the high humidity damaged and dulled its colors.
Question 3 of 10
3. Question
1 points
How old was Mona Lisa when she was wed?
Correct
Mona Lisa was a teenage bride who was wed at age 15 in an arranged marriage to Francesco del Giocondo, a prosperous merchant almost twice her age.
Incorrect
Mona Lisa was a teenage bride who was wed at age 15 in an arranged marriage to Francesco del Giocondo, a prosperous merchant almost twice her age.
Question 4 of 10
4. Question
1 points
What was Mona Lisa’s last name?
Correct
Her last name was Lisa Gherardini. She was a real women who descended from a proud, ancient clan who once were rich and powerful Tuscan knights and barons.
Incorrect
Her last name was Lisa Gherardini. She was a real women who descended from a proud, ancient clan who once were rich and powerful Tuscan knights and barons.
Question 5 of 10
5. Question
1 points
Leonardo
Correct
Art historians believe that he kept refining and embellishing the painting long after he began the work in 1503. Leonardo kept Lisa’s portrait with him until his death in 1519.
Incorrect
Art historians believe that he kept refining and embellishing the painting long after he began the work in 1503. Leonardo kept Lisa’s portrait with him until his death in 1519.
Question 6 of 10
6. Question
1 points
What does “Gioconda” mean?
Correct
Gioconda” means the happy one—a nickname given to the great grandfather of Lisa’s husband, a barrelmaker so merry that all his descendants inherited his nickname. Italians call the Mona Lisa “La Gioconda” as a play on her husband ‘s name and the descriptive for a smiling or jovial woman.
Incorrect
Gioconda” means the happy one—a nickname given to the great grandfather of Lisa’s husband, a barrelmaker so merry that all his descendants inherited his nickname. Italians call the Mona Lisa “La Gioconda” as a play on her husband ‘s name and the descriptive for a smiling or jovial woman.
Question 7 of 10
7. Question
1 points
How many daughters did Mona Lisa have?
Correct
She had three daughters—one died at age two and two entered nunneries.
Mona Lisa gave birth to six children—three boys and three girls—and acquired a stepson from her husband’s first marriage.
Incorrect
She had three daughters—one died at age two and two entered nunneries.
Mona Lisa gave birth to six children—three boys and three girls—and acquired a stepson from her husband’s first marriage.
Question 8 of 10
8. Question
1 points
Which art historian wrote a biography of Leonardo and his Mona Lisa?
Correct
Giorgio Vasari’s account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist’s death, and which has long been the best known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of Leonardo.
Incorrect
Giorgio Vasari’s account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist’s death, and which has long been the best known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of Leonardo.
Question 9 of 10
9. Question
1 points
Who commissioned the painting of The Mona Lisa?
Correct
Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife.
Incorrect
Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife.
Question 10 of 10
10. Question
1 points
Who inherited The Mona Lisa when Leonardo died?
Correct
On his death the painting was inherited, among other works, by his pupil and assistant, Salaì.
Incorrect
On his death the painting was inherited, among other works, by his pupil and assistant, Salaì.
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Suggerimento di pronuncia n. 2: “Scioglilingua italiani
(English follows)
Parlare oscuramente lo sa fare chiunque, ma chiaro pochissimi – Galileo Galilei
(Everyone knows how to do speak obscurely, but very few can speak clearly.)Galileo Galilei, Considerazioni al Tasso, 1589
Non potrei essere più d’accordo con Galileo, ed è per questo che gli scioglilingua, parola che è già di per sé uno scioglilingua, sono utili, almeno per quanto riguarda la parte tecnica del parlare!
È interessante notare che in italiano “scioglilingua” significa letteralmente “sciogliere la lingua”. Suppongo che aggrovigliando la lingua attorno a lettere e suoni alla fine s’impara ad allentarla e a non “attorcigliarsi” più.
In effetti, “gli scioglilingua” ti aiutano a migliorare la dizione, e non c’è da meravigliarsi, che i professionisti alla radio o nei film usino gli scioglilingua per migliorare le loro capacità oratorie o per riscaldarsi prima di esibirsi.
Uso gli scioglilingua per i seguenti motivi: 1) per migliorare la scorrevolezza nel parlare, 2) per ridurre e rimuovere accenti e inflessioni, 3) per parlare con più sicurezza e rilassarsi, 4) per divertimento: quello che dici non deve per forza avere senso!
Ogni lingua ha specifici scioglilingua che attivano suoni o parole che provocano lo scioglimento della lingua! In italiano, ad esempio, molti scioglilingua mettono alla prova la capacità di pronunciare suoni vocalici aperti e chiusi. Alcuni scioglilingua sono molto utili per lettere specifiche con cui gli studenti di italiano hanno difficoltà, come “R”, “T”, “S”…
Qui troverai 4 “scioglilingua”, a 2 velocità. La velocità 1 è un riscaldamento, la velocità 2 è dove lasci la tua zona di comforto e non ti preoccupi dei risultati, che arriveranno con pazienza e pratica … stanne certo/a!
Buon divertimento!
I couldn’t agree more with Galileo, and that’s why tongue twisters, “gli scioglilingua”, a word that is already a tongue twister in itself, are useful, at least as far as the technical speaking part goes!
It’s interesting to notice that in Italian “scioglilingua” literally means “tongue loosener”. I suppose that by twisting your tongue around letters and sounds you will eventually learn to loosen it and no longer stumble on a word, “inciampare in una parola.”
In fact, “gli scioglilingua” help you improve your speaking and your pronunciation, and it’s no wonder, “non c’è da meravigliarsi”, that professional speakers on the radio or in films use tongue twisters to improve their speaking skills or to warm up before they perform.
I use tongue twisters for the following reasons: 1) to improve speaking fluidity 2) to reduce and remove accents and inflections 3) to increase confidence and loosen up when speaking 4) for fun — what you say doesn’t have to make sense!
Every language has specific tongue twisters that trigger sounds or words that cause tongue twisting! In Italian, for example, many tongue twisters challenge your ability to pronounce open and closed vowel sounds. Some tongue twisters are very helpful for specific letters that students of Italian have a difficult time with, such as “R”, “T”, “S”,…
Here you’ll find 4 “scioglilingua”, in 2 speeds. Speed 1 is a warm up, speed 2 is where you leave your comfort zone and don’t worry about the results, which will come with patience and practice… stanne certo! (you can stay assured!) Buon divertimento!
Tigre intriga tigre speed 1
speed 2
particolareggiatissimamente (la parola più lunga registrata in italiano / the longest registered word in Italian) speed 1
speed 2
Date del pane al pazzo cane, date del pane al cane pazzo (attenti a non scambiare la “p” con la “c” / be careful not to turn the “p” into a “c”!) speed 1
speed 2
Questa e’ molto popolare / This is a very popular one: Sopra la panca la capra campa, sotto la panca la capra crepa speed 1
speed 2
It means…: “Over the bench the goat lives, under the bench the goat dies.” ….“senza senso”, meaningless! 🙂
Più fai pratica e più noterai “la lingua che si scioglie”. Fammi sapere nei commenti qui in basso quali suoni trovi più facili o più difficili da riprodurre!
The more you practice the more you’ll notice “la lingua che si scioglie”, your tongue loosening up. Let me know in the comments below which sounds you find the easiest or hardest to reproduce!
It’s well-known by now, “è risaputo ormai”, that Italians are the leaders not only in delicious food, fashion, cultural treasures, but also in expressing feelings, sensations, and opinions. From happiness to dissatisfaction and everything in between.
If you run into your Italian friend and ask her how she is doing, forget about “I’m good, and you?” for an answer, and instead, prepare for a detailed description of “vita, morte e miracoli”, as we say in Italian. If you don’t want to be labeled as “antipatico/a”, I suggest you follow along and do the same. At worst, “male che vada”, you might end up enjoying yourself “al bar”, at the coffee shop. And let’s be honest, going for your daily jog in the park and rushing to update your Facebook, Twitter, “e chi più ne ha più ne metta”, and so on and so forth status can wait anyway.
(Translation: “To listen. There is nothing better to do than to listen to someone who has something to say.”)
The best way to make a good impression, “fare una bella figura”, is to learn the most common idiomatic expressions in Italian that use “avere” (to have) and “essere” (to be), which, as many of you have complained “all’italiana” (Italian style), do not correspond to the English expressions. For example: “Io ho sonno” (I’m sleepy), “Io sono stanco” (I’m tired).
Avere + noun is used in many idiomatic expressions in Italian, but the equivalent English expressions are generally formed with essere + adjective.
There is no specific rule that explains this difference. The best advice is to:
first learn the conjugations of the verbs “essere” and “avere” starting with il “presente indicativo”
then learn each expression correctly
and as always practica, pratica, pratica!!
Here are some idiomatic expressions in Italian that use “avere” and “essere”.
“Avere” is used in the following expressions:
avere caldo – to be hot
avere freddo – to be cold
avere fretta – to be in a hurry
avere paura – to be afraid
avere bisogno di – to need
avere voglia di – to want, to feel like
avere a che fare con – to deal with
avere sete – to be thirsty
avere sonno – to be sleepy
avere fame – to be hungry
“Essere” is used in the following expressions (just like in English!):
essere stanco/a – to be tired
essere arrabbiato/a – to be angry
essere contento/a – to be happy
essere annoiato/a – to be bored
essere felice (m/f) – to be happy
essere triste (m/f) – to be sad
essere entusiasta (m/f) – to be enthusiastic
essere preoccupato/a – to be worried
essere in ritardo – to be late
essere testardo/a – to be stubborn
Allora, come sto?
Oggi sono felice e ho voglia di fare una passeggiata. Non ho freddo, perché è finalmente arrivata la primavera in Canada! Sono molto entusiasta!
(How am I? Today I am happy and I feel like taking a walk. I’m not cold, because spring has finally arrived in Canada! I’m enthusiastic!)
E tu come stai? Let me know in the comments below.
Remember there is no quick fix in learning idiomatic expressions… practice makes perfect!
Imagine learning lots of grammar and vocabulary only to discover that listeners find it hard to understand what you say…è terribile per la comunicazione! Also, if you can’t pronounce a word correctly, then you may not be able to hear it when spoken by another person either… ancora più terribile per la comunicazione!
This is a very common problem so don’t fret (non ti allarmare). I put together 7 solutions to improve your pronunciation based on my experience teaching Italian and learning languages.
In this post I’ll share my 1st tip: “Practice Italian with a flawless speaker!”
“Learning proper Italian from the start saves you time and frustration later correcting what you’ve learned incorrectly.”
It can sometimes be very difficult to correct what you’ve learned incorrectly as it turned out for my friend who had a teacher in elementary school that was very passionate about English, but was hardly proficient enough to teach simple words, such as “apple”, which sounded more like “apele” (similar to the word “ape”, “scimmia” in Italian), although she knew all the grammar. Till this day, over 20 years later, my friend still struggles to pronounce “apple” properly.
His English teacher, also a relative of mine in my little town, wanted to share her passion and land a job, but teaching is a serious matter. When I started teaching English in Italy, although I had reached the advanced level C2, according to the “Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment”, I felt it would be fair to teach only levels A and B since I wasn’t speaking English on a daily basis and wouldn’t be able to teach successfully at a higher level.
Improvised language teachers are not a good deal!
So how do you know if a teacher speaks proper Italian?
Talk and listen to them a bit before jumping into it and, depending on whether the teacher is a native speaker or a non-native speaker, the pronunciation issues, if there are any, will differ.
I would ask both if they have any particular accents or regional intonation, hoping they’re aware and honest!
However, to be certain, I would go ahead and look out for more specific issues….
In the case of the native speaker pay attention to:
how they pronounce the grave or acute vowels such as in the words “verde” (the “e” is acute “vérde”), “cosa” (the “o” is grave “còsa”); “verde” correct:
“cosa” correct:
whether they tend to pronounce single consonants as double consonants instead; an example is “amore” sometimes mistakenly pronounced with a double “m” (the“o” is acute); “amore” correct:
whether they shorten the infinitives stressing the last vowel, like “mangià” instead of “mangiare”, “parlà”, instead of “parlare”, and so on;
While you’re at it, you can also check some grammar, which will give you a better idea of their speaking accuracy:
how they say: “I hope you are well.” (correct: “spero che tu stia bene”),
how they say: “Can you speak Italian?” (correct: “sai parlare l’italiano?” – not ‘puoi’ parlare l’italiano?”);
In the case of the non-native speaker, issues usually concern:
pronouncing the vowels,
stressing the words correctly,
pronouncing the “r”, the “t”, the “sch”, double consonants,
pronouncing the vowels at the end of the words and pronouncing them correctly (they are not all acute, only the ones with accents on them).
A way to verify that they are flawless speakers is to find a short audio snippet and ask them to repeat it. You can find excellent and reliable audio from Italian language manuals.
“Speaking properly is a form of respect for a language.”
Let me know in the comments below what your experience has been learning Italian.
Stay tuned for my next tip about my favourite language sharpener!
Chi lavora con le sue mani è un lavoratore. Chi lavora con le sue mani e la sua testa è un artigiano. Chi lavora con le sue mani e la sua testa ed il suo cuore è un artista. ~ San Francesco D’Assisi
He who works with his hands is a laborer. He who works with his hands and his head is a craftsman. He who works with his hands and his head and his heart is an artist. ~ St. Francis of Assisi
Buona festa del Papà to my father, a hard worker, a craftsman and an artist.
March 19 is St. Joseph (San Giuseppe) in Italy where it is celebrated as Father’s Day because San Giuseppe was un uomo e padre fantastico! A man that talked little and worked a lot, respected women, escaped oppression, followed his dreams, and provided for his childrens’ future.
In the painting Felice Giani humanizes the religious theme of the Holy Family where St. Joseph in his carpenting shop lovingly fills a jug of wine from a large barrel. In the background you can see his work table on which lay his working tools.
San Giuseppe is a role model. A man who interprets the messages of his dreams and puts them into action. He first marries his girlfriend who is pregnant of a child that is not his own, sheltering them from contempt and a merciless punishment. He then carries out his second dream. He emigrates to a foreign land to escape the rule of a tyrant, and thus saves the future of his child. At last, after having rasied and taught his son a job, he realizes that at twelve years of age he is capable of dealing with the alleged wise men of the country. At this point his tasks are complete and he retires to the sidelines without honors or rewards. With a father like that no wonder (non cè da meravigliarsi) Gesus became a hero!
It may also be that San Giuseppe taught him the importance of languages and communication which I’m sure came in very handy as the saviour (il salvatore).
When my father emigrated to Canada he actually learned how to speak English fairly well compared to his brothers, setting an example for his children about the importance of learning and improving.
And talking about hard work…I know that when it comes to languages lots of work is required including tongue-twisters (scioglilingua), a useful tool to improve pronunciation and fluency. So here’s a popular Italian tongue-twister…at two different speeds.
How fast can you say it without stumbling?
Sopra la panca la capra campa, sotto la panca la capra crepa.
Allora, come si usa il verbo piacere? E’ una domanda che ricevo spesso. Credo che sia una buona idea rivedere come usare il verbo “piacere”, e verbi simili come “mancare” “servire”, “interessare”, ecc.
Per esempio, in italiano “mancare” può essere usato in diversi modi con vari significati. Vedremo il caso in cui significa “desiderare” indicando impazienza per qualcosa.
In questo caso segue una costruzione particolare che è comune anche ad altri verbi come “piacere” (vedi l’elenco sotto): ciò che ci piace è il soggetto mentre la persona che esprime apprezzamento diventa un pronome indiretto.
Mi (pronome indiretto) manca (verbo) l’Italia (soggetto). Mi manca l’Italia.
È importante prendersi un momento per ripassare i pronomi indiretti e ricordare dove sono inseriti in una frase. Vedi la scheda in basso. Esistono 2 forme di pronomi indiretti: forma atona e forma tonica. La forma tonica è solitamente usata per enfatizzare.
So, how is the verb “piacere” used? It’s a question I get often. I think it’s a good idea to review how to use the verb “piacere”, and similar verbs like “mancare”, “servire”, “interessare”, etc.
In Italian “mancare” can be used in several ways with various meanings. We’ll learn how to use it when it means “to miss/to long for”, indicating impatience for something.
In this case it follows a particular construction that is also common to other verbs such as “piacere” (see list below): what we like is the subject while the person who expresses appreciation is expressed with an indirect object pronoun.
Mi (indirect object pronoun) manca (verb) l’Italia (subject). I miss Italy.
It’s important to take a moment to review the indirect object pronouns and to remember where they are placed in a sentence. See the chart below. There are 2 forms of indirect object pronouns: forma atona and forma tonica. The forma tonica is usually used for emphasis.
SINGULAR forma atona
SINGULAR forma tonica
before the verb
before/after the verb
mi (to/for) me
a me (to/for) me
ti (to/for) you
a te (to/for) you
gli (to/for) him
a lui (to/for) him
Le/le (to/for) you (formal m. and f.)
a Lei/a lei (to/for) you (formal m. and f.)
PLURAL forma atona
PLURAL forma tonica
before the verb
before/after the verb
ci (to/for) us
a noi (to/for) us
vi (to/for) you
a voi (to/for) you
gli (to/for) them
a loro (to/for) them
Ricorda:
– Il verbo essere è l’ausiliare al passato prossimo: “Mi sono mancati i miei amici”. oppure “I miei amici sono mancati a me”. – Il verbo mancare è singolare se seguito da un infinito: “Mi manca mangiare gli spaghetti”. – A seconda della forma di pronome indiretto che stai utilizzando, la posizione dell’oggetto e del soggetto può essere invertita: “Mi manca l’Italia” o “L’Italia manca a me”.
Remember: – The verb essere is used as the auxiliary in the passato prossimo tense: “Mi sono mancati i miei amici.” or “I miei amici sono mancati a me”. – The verb mancare is singular when followed by an infinitive: “Mi manca mangiare gli spaghetti”. – Depending on which form of indirect pronoun you are using, the position of the object and the subject can be inverted: “Mi manca l’Italia” or “L’Italia manca a me.”
Un elenco di altri verbi che seguono la stessa regola:
A list of other verbs that follow the same rule:
piacere – to like, to be pleasing bastare – to be sufficient attrarre – to attract occorrere – to need succedere – to happen restare – to remain servire – to serve interessare – to interest disgustare – to disgust parere – to appear sembrare – to seem volerci – to take
Ecco un esercizio per fare fare pratica e non diemnticare di scrivere delle frasi nei commenti!
Here’s an exercise to help you practice and don’t forget to write some sentences in the comments!
